Abolition Essay - 870 Words

Abolition A Stronger Resistance The abolitionist movement in the United States sought to eradicate slavery using a wide range of tactics and organizations. The antislavery movement mobilized many African Americans and some whites who sought to end the institution of slavery. Although both black and white abolitionists often worked together, the relationship between them was intricate. The struggle for black abolitionists was much more personal because they wanted to end slavery and also wanted to gain equal rights for blacks. However, many white abolitionists only sought to end slavery and did not fight for equality for blacks. From these exceedingly contrasting perspectives and the continuation of slavery, the sentiment of many†¦show more content†¦More militant tactics, such as uprising and revolts, were gaining support in the nineteenth century. Nat Turner was a black abolitionist that supported the use of aggressive and forceful tactics. In 1831, in Virginia, he led an insurrectio n and more than 55 white people were killed. It was very bloody and violent and angered many whites from its brutality (Nash, 275). Yet, many blacks felt that the only thing that would get a response was an uprising and taking drastic measures. In Christiana, Pennsylvania, the Fugitive Slave Laws were passed. These laws stated that whites could recapture their runaway slaves. Blacks were outraged by the passing of these laws and rioted in response to this (Roots of Resistance). This demonstrated how blacks would react in manners that were more forceful and these tactics were used by a number of other abolitionists, however, many still used different approaches to battling slavery. Many abolitionists used writing to end slavery. In 1827, the first black newspaper, Freedom’s Journal, was created by Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm (Notes, 11/29/00). This paper spread ideas of freedom and equality and gave hope to the black readers. David Walker, the son of a free black mother a nd a slave father, pushed the abolitionist movement into militancy in 1829 when he published David Walker’s Appeal. His work inspired blacks to organize and urged slaves to rise up against their masters and take their freedom by force (Notes, 11/27/00).Show MoreRelatedThe Abolition Movement1079 Words   |  4 Pages Abolition Movement From the 1830s until 1870, the abolitionist movement attempted to achieve immediate emancipation of all slaves and the ending of racial segregation and discrimination. Their idea of these goals distinguished abolitionists from the broad-based political opposition to slavery’s westward expansion that started in the North after 1840 and raised issues leading to the Civil War. Yet, these two expressions of hostility to slavery were often closely related not only in their beliefsRead MoreThe Penal Abolition2528 Words   |  11 Pages Penal Abolition in Canada Jamie Tates 3056018 January 6, 2015 2 â€Å"Lock them up and throw away the key† – that is usually the headline when in regards to offenders going to prison. However, billions of dollars are going into maintaining prisons, yet the rate of recidivism is around 44% (Pearsons, 2011), so it is clear that prisons are no longer effective. The main argument of this paper is that because prisons are inefficient, they should be abolished so other forms of punishment canRead MoreAbolition of Slaver in the Cape1084 Words   |  5 PagesThe abolition of slave trade was passed by the British Parliament on 24 August 1833. This affected South Africa , which was a British colony at the time, as many colonists at the Cape had lots of capital invested in their slaves. Colonists were particularly annoyed because payment of the slaves was to be collected personally in England, and in many cases the cost of the trip would be more than the money received. (www.sahistory.org.za) In order to answer this key question, information relating theRead MoreThe Abolition of Slavery in Brazil1102 Words   |  5 PagesThe Abolition of Slavery in Brazil, 13 May 1888 Next year sees the 120th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Brazil. Some contemporary writers saw the period as an horrific maltreatment of our fellow human beings while others saw through this and viewed the patriarchal and familial advantages that society, especially slaves received. Whichever way one sees it, the period before its abolition saw a huge boost in Brazil’s economy, mainly down to its vast manpower – 37% of all African slavesRead MoreThe Abolition Of The Civil War1679 Words   |  7 Pages As the struggle for abolition and antislavery had commenced, the aspiration for the abolishment of slavery had gained success, flourishing during the era of the Civil War. Following the abolition and antislavery movement, the Women’s Rights Movement had also become a dominant aspect of the Civil War. During the nineteenth century, aspiring women had become ambitious to sustain rights and liberties for themselves. Women’s efforts which had been contributed to the abolition movement had become aRead MoreAbolition of Slave Trade901 Words   |  4 PagesThe main reasons for the abolition of the slave trade The trading and exportation of slaves has been a large part if Britain’s history since the early 15th century and the British Empire had been partly founded on the basis of exchanging slaves for goods and foreign products. 400 years after the slave trade began and people were finally realising how morally wrong the exchanging of humans actually was and on March 3, 1807, President Thomas Jefferson signed into act a bill approved by CongressRead MoreThe Abolition Movement Of The 1800s1547 Words   |  7 Pages The Abolition Movement in the 1800s was a controversial time for America. There were many who fought for the right to keep slaves, but there were also many who fought for the freedom of slaves. People like Fredrick Douglass Anthony Burns, and works such as Uncle Tom’s Cabin gave a sense of liberty to the people who did not understand how little they had, and how restricted they were. Many factors had key roles within this movement, each becoming important, and crucial to the abolishment of slaveryRead MoreAbolition Movement Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe Abolition Movement in the United States Three very impactful leaders enter the minds of every American when discussing the abolition of slavery. Henry Highland Garnet, Wendell Phillips and the man who funded it all, Gerrit Smith. These men were undoubtably the most hardworking and well known voices of the abolition. The abolition movement began in the early 1830s and finally ended in the 1870s. The objective of the movement was to instantly put an end to slavery, discrimination and segregationRead MoreThe Abolition Of The Slave System1915 Words   |  8 PagesSecondly, not only was the argument that slavery disappeared when abolition clearly became the economically rational option but another partial cause to the conclusion of slavery can be grasped in the changing social system of nations during this era. Morales of those both directly and not directly involved with the slave trade were transforming. The harshness of the slave system was being proven by the many slave suicides, runaways, first hand stories, and rebellio ns. Rousseau spread the idea inRead MoreThe Abolition Of The Death Penalty1552 Words   |  7 PagesOn 30th July 2015, Yakub Memon was hanged to death in India. The act was highly condemned in the media and many called for abolition of the death penalty. He was convicted of terrorism related charges for partaking in the 1993 Bombay bombings; a series of 13 bomb explosions that caused 257 fatalities and 717 wounded. The death penalty is used as a form of punishment in the eastern hemisphere for many crimes, such as espionage, terrorism, and first-degree murder. China holds the record for the largest

Effects of Economic Globalization and Integration

Economic globalization and economic integration have long been thought to reduce the probability of conflict and war based on neoliberal institutionalist theory, complex interdependence theory, and World Systems theory. At first thought, it is plausible why one might agree with the claim. Yet the claim itself cannot procure such black-and-white answers when it combines conflict and war; two separate terms. Political scientists have long been in conversation with one another on the topic, from the writings of Peter Evans in 1989 to Nancy Bermeo in 2009. For this essay, conflict will be examined as a socio-economic conflict internal and external to a nation, and war will be examined as a military-backed conflict at an international level. When viewed this way, it will be made clear why the response lies in â€Å"50 shades of grey and more†. The socio-economic inequality that arises from nations desiring to become economically globalized and economic integrated is huge source of conflict both internally and externally. To put substance to this claim, one must examine the historical context of major world economies between 1918 and 1971. During the interwar years (1918-1945) in which global economies experienced â€Å"The Great Depression,† policies of protectionism created isolation, and the competitive devaluation of currency in the global markets continued to drive market prices down. 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Shakespeares Use of the Supernatural in Macbeth Essay Example For Students

Shakespeares Use of the Supernatural in Macbeth Essay Shakespeares use of the Supernatural in Macbeth The supernatural is widely used in Macbeth, and covers major sections of it. It is used to generate interest, and to provoke thought and controversy. At the time the play was written, James the 1st was the English monarch. James the 1st was originally James the 4th on the Scottish throne, until there was a union of crowns between England and Scotland in the late 16th century. Shakespeare wrote the play for him, so the play Macbeth is popularly known as the Scottish play. Also during this time there were many more occurrences when witches and heretics were burnt at the stake than at any period in history, because people believed they manufactured plagues, pestilence and famine through their black magic. When Shakespeare was writing the play, he wanted to impress the king and interest his audience on his stage, the Globe Theatre. Shakespeare did this by including the supernatural in his play. Both king and populous have always been intrigued by the horror of witches and the supernatural, but not as much as in the period of the 16th and 17th centuries. This was probably because of people wanting to be religiously purer and remove disease from society. In the 16th century many events occurred that were bizarre and impossible to explain so were blamed on the supernatural. Before James gained the crown of England as well as Scotland, witchcraft was already on the peoples minds. In 1563, parliament made law that making murder by witchcraft was punishable by death. Forty years later, any use of witchcraft was punishable by death. These laws were made by a protestant parliament, to protect the monarch from Roman Catholics, as witchcraft and rebellion went hand in hand. To prove to the public that witchcraft existed and was destructive to the cause of humanity came about through the death of the Earl of Derby in 1594. He was thought to be the victim of witchcraft. This also told the public that witchcraft and other such evils could affect any individual, or any class. This alarmed the king, and paranoia crept in. He had already burnt 8000 people at the stake in Scotland, so it was obvious he would burn others. Francis Stewart, Earl of Bothwell, was accused of conjuring spells against James. The most prime and famous example of witchcraft in England, however, occurred in 1590. This was when James and Anne were sailing from Denmark to Scotland. The Witches of Berwick were supposed to have tried to destroy Anne and James at sea by conjuring up storms and strong winds. As it has already been said, the Shakespearean audience believed a wide range of old wives tales. This made James write his book on the supernatural, Demonology, in 1597. Shakespeare may have consulted this on writing Macbeth. He also thought of audience reaction when writing Macbeth. The Shakespearean audience would of reacted in terror to the fact that there were three witches in front of them. In Shakespearean times, people believed in all manner of things, and thought that any witch is evil and would cast horrid and malicious magic on them. Nowadays the audience reaction would be almost a complete contrast. In the scale of things, the audience nowadays would not find it particularly scary, with perhaps the exception of infants and younger children yet still quite thrilling and weird. The audience nowadays does not have to be terrified of witches and black magic, as this is not a prime concern to them, unlike terrorism or nuclear war for example. However, despite these differences in society and contrasts of opinion, the supernatural still has the same effect on the audience. The supernatural generates interest, and entices people to watch the production. The weird appearance of the witches, who are mainly women with facial hair, would scare an audience in the 17th century yet genuinely poke some kind of confusion and thought into a 21st century mind. Obviously, one does not regularly see any women who are sporting beards, let alone three simultaneously. Shakespeare opens the play powerfully by introducing the three witches. This is powerful because of their strong yet evil magical powers that they have. The audience will start thinking whether or not the witches will use these powers, so dramatic tension is created. This scene is not only powerful, but also surreal, because of the witches unusual appearance, having beards and wearing tattered clothes, which make them look unusual and alien to earth. Banquo expresses this in a later scene: What are these, So withered, and so wild in their attire, That look not like th inhabitants o th earth, And yet are ont? The witches also confuse and interest the audience by their rhythmical and alliterative chants in the first scene. The chants are confusing and contradict each other. The three witches chant: Fair is foul and foul is fair. Foul and fair are both contrasting phrases, fair being good and foul being evil. What they are generally telling the audience is that good is evil and evil is good. This would shock some and confuse others. Either way, all the audience will think about what the witches have just said and listen to what they say next, trying to search for a solution to their problem. The language in this phrase makes it lively and gritty. The alliteration is there, and the inconsistency of their phrases which make them a paradox. The audience has already been told of chaos and bloody battles, in when the second witch proclaims: When the hurlyburlys done, When the battles lost and won. This battle could be of two fronts- Macbeths soul or his victory at Fife against the Thane of Cawdor and Sweno, the king of Norway. This could be giving an early indication to the audience that the weird sisters are possessing Macbeth, whoever he is. The witches have already chanted: When shall we three meet again, In thunder, lightning, or in rain? This tells the audience that the witches have an evil influence, as they only meet in bad weather. This could also tell people that the weird sisters might conjure up these floods and storms. At the end of the scene when the witches leave, they all say: Hover through the fog and filthy air. This is showing that they hover through the air as a mode of transport, which is magical, and suggests a dwelling evil presence. The air they travel through is filthy, as fog was considered bad air. The soul was thought to have been sucked out by the fog. Act 1 scene one has many purposes to the play of Macbeth. It could merely announce the time of the next meeting of the weird sisters: When shall we three meet again, in thunder, lightning, or in rain? Or it could set a sinister scene for the rest of the play, creating suspense, and worry over the unknown person called Macbeth, as the witches engage in activities with destructive purpose. The next scene in which the supernatural is present, Macbeth finally appears. Macbeth has been talked about, by not only the weird sisters in act one scene one, but also Duncan and his advisors in act one scene two. The audience may be concerned about Macbeths well being, as he is linked to the three witches. The audience might also think about whether Macbeths appearance is demoniac, as if the witches have possessed him. The witches open the scene by asking each other what evil deeds they have been doing since their last meeting in act one scene one. The 2nd witch says: Killing swine. The witch is probably suggesting that she was killing a farmers stock of pigs, probably to ruin his livelihood and force him into suffering. After being prompted by the 3rd witch, the 1st witch says: A sailors wife had chestnuts in her lap, And munched, and munched, and munched-Give me, quoth I. Aroint thee witch, the rump-fed ronyon cries. Her husbands to Aleppo gone, master o th Tiger; But in a sieve Ill thither sail, And like a rat without a tail, Ill do, Ill do and Ill do. The first witch is expressing that she has a short temper, and expects to have it her own way, by getting things on demand. In this case, she wanted to have some if not all the chestnuts in this womans lap. The woman told her to get out, and as the witch describes the woman, she is an overweight scabby wretch who is rather spoilt. The womans husband is a sailor, and the witch says she will kill the captain of the ship. This was quite true, as the captain of her husbands ship, the Tiger, sunk near Milford Haven in 1606 after its Captain died mysteriously, probably of supernatural causes. This was the talk of London for some time, so the first witch must be telling the audience that she has a vengeful and malicious nature. To prove that the witch did do the deed, she says: Here I have a pilots thumb, Wrecked as homeward did he come. This is also proof that the witches are malicious, scheming old hags that only want to harm and hinder, not to help people as they might say they would. When the witches see Macbeth, they get excited and start chanting: A drum, a drum! Macbeth doth come. And then: The Weird Sisters, hand in hand, Posters of the sea and the land, Thus do go about, about, Thrice to thine, and thrice to mine, And thrice again to make up nine. Peace, the charms wound up. This will definitely scare the audience, as the witches have wanted to meet Macbeth for probably malicious reasons since act one scene one. This dramatic tension has exploded into raw fear for him as the witches cast a spell when the unknown man named Macbeth arrives with his friend, Banquo. Macbeth says: So foul and fair a day I have not seen This could mean one of two things. Macbeth might have been possessed by the witches, as he has echoed what they said in act one scene one, lines 11-12. Alternatively, it could mean that Macbeth is describing the battle against the Norwegians at Fife. I would consider it most likely that Macbeth has been possessed, as the witches cast a spell on Macbeth before he arrived on the scene. When Macbeth and Banquo notice the witches, they are bemused, but not worried by them. Banquo clearly expresses this: What are these, So withered, and so wild in their attire, That look not like the inhabitants o th earth, And yet are ont? Both Macbeth and Banquo are obviously confused by the witches. They do not even know whether they are living creatures or not: Live you, or are you aught That man may question? Which Banquo then asks. They obviously do not know what kind of creatures the witches are, let alone whether they are alive. The pair also do not know whether the witches can speak or not, as Macbeth asks: Speak if you can. What are you? Then the witches speak three of the most famous lines in Macbeth, which predict the rest of the play: All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter! What the witches have said here is very extraordinary. The first line, which expresses Macbeths current title, is extraordinary as one would not normally know a mans full name, probably not that if he is a Thane or not unless he was dressed formally of course. The first line is correct, so Macbeth probably thinks that whatever they say next is completely believable. The witches then chant the second line, which tells him that he is Thane of Cawdor. This is not a surprise to the audience, as they had already learnt that in act one scene one. Then comes the shock. Macbeth is then told that after becoming Cawdor, he will become the King of Scotland. This turns Macbeth into an image of horror. He is probably so surprised by these statements, that all he can do is look shocked. Banquo tries to kick some sense into Macbeth: Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things that sound so fair? But unfortunately, Banquo realises Macbeth is already gone into a world of his own thoughts: My noble partner You greet with present grace, and great prediction Of noble having, and of royal hope, That he seems rapt withal. Banquo and Macbeth both believe that the witches are telling the truth, so Banquo asks the witches: If you can look into the seeds of time, And say which grain will grow, and which will not, Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear Your favours nor your hate. Banquo is asking the witches what the seeds of time will do for him. The seeds of time were involved with the growth of spirit and matter, which was from tiny seeds planted in the ground by God. Evil spirits were thought to have the power to predict and foretell how these would develop. Macbeth Argumentative EssayThis is really down to Banquo knowing too much about Macbeth. Banquo says in his soliloquy that he would not talk about the meetings with the witches, but Macbeth thinks that he might. So unlucky Banquo gets twenty trenched gashes on his head, which is a very nasty death indeed. After Banquos death, there is a feast. This is the feast directly after the coronation, so the king and queen have to impress their guests with their lavish food and setting. Everyone has sat down except Macbeth, so Lennox says: Mayt please your highness sit. The party is running completely smoothly until this point. However, the supernatural kicks into Macbeths mind and Banquos ghost appears. Macbeth is the only person who can see this ghost. First Macbeth reacts so the feast can carry without any worries: Here had we now our countrys honour roofed Ross says that he is not here, so Macbeth thinks it could be a joke, and as the old saying goes, one is not amused: Which of you have done this? Obviously, the Lords do not know what as been done. Macbeth could be saying one of two things. Either he is asking who murdered Banquo, meaning he is somewhat playing along to cover the real story, or he is asking who played this trick, by putting Banquos dead body in his chair. The Lords ask Macbeth: What my good lord? Then insanity plunges into Macbeth: Thou canst not say I did it; never shake Thy gory locks at me. Macbeth is actually talking to the ghost at this point, as the ghost is looking at him and nodding his head accusingly. He is saying that he was not the one that actually stabbed Banquo, and tries to find some innocence. Ross thinks that Macbeth is mentally ill, so he is sympathetic: Gentlemen rise, his highness is not well. Lady Macbeth tries her hardest to save the situation, but fails. The scene carries on with the ghost reappearing and really scares Macbeth. However, Lady Macbeth realises that she cannot prevent Macbeth from going mad and so sends the lords home. This scene tells the audience that Macbeth is not the strong soldier he used to be, that he is in fact now a nervous wreck. After this scene Macbeth needs some kind of reassurance, that everything will be all right. This reassurance cannot be from a normal mortal, as they do not know of Macbeths link with the supernatural; any who do e. g. Lady Macbeth just ridicule him and think of it as a weakness, that he is not as much of a man anymore. Act 3 scene 5 is the next part in which the supernatural is involved. It is a short scene, and does not really affect the storyline particularly much. This is probably because that this scene was not considered to have been written by Shakespeare. It introduces a new character, Hecate, who is considered to be the head of witches, yet still deputy to Satan himself. The language in this scene is especially proof. Most of the play is in blank verse, yet this scene is in rhyme, and is not considered as gritty and horrid as Shakespeare. This scene shows Hecate, head of all witches, so she or he is supposed to be evil. However, she is angered by the witches actions towards Macbeth: How did you dare To trade and traffic with Macbeth In riddles and affairs of death Hecate is telling the witches to stop messing around with Macbeth, to stop telling him riddles and thither he will come to know his destiny. The witches now know that they will have to tell Macbeth what will happen to him. However, they do this with their own method. This scene will have informed the audience that the play is travelling towards its conclusion, that it is now all or nothing. Despite Hecate has only a small part in the play; she actually is quite a major character in terms of the storyline. Act 4 scene 1 is the next scene in the play for the supernatural. This is the final scene in which the witches take part. The last scenes of the play do not involve any supernatural characters, but they do involve the supernatural indirectly. At the start of the scene, the witches are making a broth. This involves them dropping items of their interest into their cauldron and casting spells. These items would horrify an audience if acted properly. Many of the items are stomach wrenching and disgusting to the extreme. Examples of this are: Eye of Newt Tongue of dog Lizards leg Howlets wing But worst of all: Finger of birth-strangled babe ditch-delivered by a drab The 4 body parts of the different animals would be disgusting to an audience as they could have been ripped off when the particular animal was alive. The animals are also considered quite disgusting. Newts and lizards have quite slimy skin, so the textures of the items are included as a stomach churner. The worst phrase, however, describes prostitute giving birth to a baby in a ditch, and then strangling it to death. This is terrible as the baby is unloved; the mother has no kind of care for it, and so kills it. Murdering babies is possibly the worst crime that an adult could do, as they should know that babies are defenceless, and whenever a baby is crying, a good person has maternal or paternal instincts that would get them to take care of it. I have seen this scene played by the Royal Shakespeare Company. This scene was dramatically effective, because the witches played their parts very effectively. The three actors gave their parts dramatic tension, especially when Macbeth arrives: I conjure you, by that which you profess, Howeer you come to know it, answer me. The witches give him an answer, which involves three ghostly images, or apparitions. Macbeth really needs to know what is to become of him, so says: Call em, let me see em. The first apparition is an armed head. There have been various interpretations of this, and there are two examples. This is Macduff. It warns Macbeth of a Scottish noble, the Thane of Fife: Macbeth, Macbeth, Macbeth, beware Macduff; Beware the Thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough. Macbeth is grateful of the warning, and asks for more, probably being why he should fear him. The witches reply: He will not be commanded. After this, another apparition ascends to inform Macbeth: Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth This is more of a reassurance to Macbeth, as there are not many people born through Caesarean section, presumably meaning they are not of woman born. The next apparition is a crowned child with a tree in his hand. He reassures Macbeth by telling him: Be lion-mettled, proud and take no care Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are. Macbeth shall never vanquished be, until great Birnham wood to high Dunsinane hill Shall come against him. Macbeth is almost completely confident he is invincible at this point, that almost nothing can get i n his way for a complete domination of the Scottish monarchy. This is not just for now but for years to come. However, the witches promised Banquo would be the father of all Scottish kings after Macbeth. Macbeth asks them: Shall Banquos issue ever Reign in this kingdom? The witches decide to let Macbeth see the line of Scottish kings, and who was the father. A show of eight kings appears. Regrettably, for Macbeth, the following individual who arrives to indicate who is the father of the line is Banquo. This plunges a dagger unswerving to the pits of Macbeths hopes and dreams: Horrible sight! Now I see tis true, For the blood-boltered Banquo smiles upon me, And points at them for his. The scene ends quite predictably, the witches disappearing and Macbeth wanting more answers. I consider this scene particularly dramatic because the witches seem to be telling Macbeth his destiny. Act 5 scene 1 is a scene to show how Lady Macbeth has coped with each murder, as she has not been seen since act 3 scene 4, when she was trying to calm Macbeth from his visions of Banquo. In this scene she has changed dramatically, as Macbeth has. She used to be a strong willed woman, as she was before Duncans murder. She did many things that many men would have the guts to do, let alone a woman with strong maternal instincts. Now she sleepwalks, and imagines as though she is talking to Macbeth. It looks now she is a nervous wreck, while Macbeth is on an emotional high, after the witches foretelling him to not be killed of someone woman born and when Birnham wood moves to Dunsinane. She echoes what Macbeth has said, being in the same emotion of regret and sorrow: The Thane of Fife had a wife; where is she now? What, will these hands neer be clean? She goes on to repeat herself: Heres the smell of blood still; all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Her very last line is possibly intended to be spoken to Macbeth: Come, come, come, give me your hand. Whats done cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed. That was Lady Macbeths final scene before she commits suicide. In my opinion, I do not think Lady Macbeth killed herself directly because of the supernatural, but that she missed Macbeth being by her side. The pair must have had a close relationship, only for them to be driven apart, obviously by Macbeths need to quell the uprising from Malcolm and Macduff. Despite Macbeths promises from the witches, Macbeth is found not to be ultimately invulnerable. This is because Birnham wood does move to Dunsinane. This movement of the wood was under Malcolms instruction, who felt that he needed some kind of method to hide his army from the eyes of Macbeth, therefore producing a surprise attack on his castle. This did not deter Macbeth, however, as he had another promise to rely on. The second apparition told him that he could not be harmed of anyone woman born. Yet, to Macbeths misfortune, he fights somebody who is not born of woman, but through caesarean section. His name is Macduff, the very same person who had his family killed on Macbeths orders. The murder of Duncan is not entirely Macbeths fault. In fact, I do not consider Macbeth to have played a major part in the deed. The finger of blame is more towards the supernatural and Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeths part is pinpointed using the supernatural, so it is really the only party that can shoulder this responsibility. The end of the play ends wretchedly for Macbeth, which is a complete contrast to his beginning. This can also be said about the spectators response. He starts as a brave soldier, he finishes dead. He turned into a psychologically ailing coward, who cannot slay and relies on supernatural powers. The supernatural betrays him in the end, which can be particularly said about Act 4 scene 1. The witches tell him that he will be fine, as long as Birnham wood does not move to Dunsinane and he does not fight a man born from caesarean section. These are equivocations, or statements said to conceal the truth. This is true as the witches would have known if Macbeth had died or not, but told him the exact opposite, to lull him into a false sense of security. This is the evil in Macbeth, the supernatural, which drove to Duncan and Macbeths deaths. The language in Macbeth is compelling, as it is gritty and gives the characters great personalities. The language shows the witches are intelligent and devious, with their contradictory phrases and riddles. The blank verse that Shakespeare uses makes the play lyrical and attractive, and not just a lacklustre story. The language describes Macbeths change in emotions to the audience, which is thrilling and quite dramatic. I have seen numerous variations of the play Macbeth. The language in Macbeth is so good that directors can have diverse versions, versions to suit their opinions. I have seen Macbeth in the Globe Theatre and on video by the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Globe Theatres production was low budget, so there were few special effects. The Globe version I considered slightly bizarre, as many representations that I found strange and side tracking to the story. One representation was the famous sword fight between Macbeth and Macduff at the end of the play. In the RSCs version, the sword fight is done conventionally with swords. I consider this to generate a more dramatic and keener interest in it. The Globes version was represented with pebbles signifying their lives, and a weird hand tugging that I did not understand. If I directed the play, I would have gone for a more modern approach. Macbeth could be considered just as some kind of Shakespearean current affairs representation. Because of this, I consider that the witches could have some kind of terrorist guise. Biological and chemical weapons could replace the broth. I think this would be more dramatically effective for the audience. I would also get full use out of the lighting and special effects available in a more modern theatre.

The Culture Of England Essays - English Reformation,

The Culture of England What is it that defines a culture of a historical period? It can be the accumulation of the arts or advances in technology, science, music, teacher, the economy, war, or religion. It can also just be a simple change of view or beliefs in a group of people. These changes were clearly seen in England during the 17th century. The King's followers and Parliament began to dispute over the future government and religion of England. While these disputes were occurring, the common people, along with the upper class, argued over Catholicism, Puritanism, and the Anglican Church of England that, in turn, combine with the above, influenced society as well as marking it for this period. What and where did this theological movement come from? Many historians, such as G. E. Aylmer, believe that it was the Puritans, who didn't want to stem from the Anglican Church, who sparked the movement. They believed that "they were in favor of higher education and moral theological training, but not of free speculation and expression if these led in unacceptable directions" (Aylmer pg. 103.) During this time of social and political movement, it was the religious and strict puritans that developed and spread new philosophies. " Most of the truly original ideas were produced by people in varying ways out of step with prevailing orthadoxies- Anglican, Puritan, royalist, and parliamentarian. New theories about the individual, the state, and society were in the fullest sense the product of their time, yet the produced as it were against the grain" (Aylmer pg. 103.) Another movement that developed new ideas and speculation was the area of the sciences. "The public events of 1640-1660 were tangential to the progress in mathematics, physics, mechanics, astronomy, optics, chemistry, anatomy, and physiology, which taken together have without exaggeration been called the Scientific Revolution," (Aylmer pg. 107.) It was not limited to a particular region or time and was founded upon the ideas of the past and present. In the words of Aylmer, "but in the applied sciences, and what we nowadays call technology, things look different. Here the needs of government, the influence of pressure groups or economic incentives, and the general temper of the time may well have acted as a stimulus or catalyst," (pg. 107.) Science and technology sparked new navigational and mapping techniques, land drainage, and more efficient use of energy sources, such as water, mind, wood, charcoal, and coal. The relationship between the poet and the events of his time is not always a simple one. Since the censorship act was reimposed in 1649 binding the poets and authors into strict circumstances, we do not know what may have come out of this era. However, this is not to say great works of art didn't arrive. John Milton, Andrew Marville, and Edmund Waller were some of the young authors on the parliamentarian side. They produced great works inspired by all the nature and beauty that was surrounding them. Writing techniques such as satires, political writings, allegory, sarcasm and irony were all utilized by various authors. "Some of the Puritan preachers claimed that they cultivated ?the plain style', by contrast with the elaborate style of the Arminians and other enjoying Court favor who aimed only to reach select, upper-class, and educated audiences," (Aylmer pg. 109) Thus, Puritans not only sparked some intellectual achievements but also took part in all aspects of the culture during t his time. The courts, however, were "Discontent with monopolies, controls, and other government interference in agriculture, industry, trade, and transport" (Aylmer pg. 114.) Social classes and standing began to play a roll in the dividing nation. The Crown and the bishops were biast towards the top, and support for the Puritan-Parliamentarian cause was strongest in the middle levels of society. The effects of war can be plentiful. Not only does it induce the economy but also it creates new jobs and demand for supplies. On the other hand, if the war is fought in your nation, like in England during this time, it can hurt your environment more than it can help it. " The causalities, damage, and other losses arising directly from the fighting, together with the generally disruptive effects of war on agriculture, industry, trade,

Hitler Essays (1489 words) - Nazism, Nazi Germany,

Hitler Hitler's World View (Weltanschauung) In the early quarter of the twentieth century, a young man was beginning to fill his mind with ideas of a unification of all Germanic countries. That young man was Adolf Hitler, and what he learned in his youth would surface again as he struggled to become the leader of this movement. Hitler formed views of countries and even certain cities early in his life, those views often affecting his dictation of foreign policy, as he grew older. What was Hitler's view of the world before the Nazi Party came to power? Based in large part on incidents occurring in his boyhood, Hitler's view included the belief that Jews should be eliminated, and that European countries were merely pawns for him to use in his game of world dominion. Adolf Hitler grew up the son of a respectable imperial customhouse official, who refused to let his son do what he was most interested in?art. Hitler never excelled in school, and took interest only in art, gymnastics and a casual interest in geography and history due to a liking he had taken to his teacher. It was his history teacher who would fill Adolf's mind with a simple thought: The day will come, that all of us, of German descent, will once more belong to one mighty Teutonic nation that will stretch from the Mediterranean to the Baltic, just like the Empire of the Middle Ages, and that will stand supreme among the peoples of this earth. Already the young Adolf could envision himself in such a position. Much of the ideology that Adolf Hitler used was not original by any means. There were many thinkers and writers who laid the groundwork for what would become not just Hitler's, but the Nazi Party's Weltanschauung (world view). Three primary writers were Dietrich Eckart, editor of a harshly anti-Semitic periodical, Auf gut deutsch (Agd), Alfred Rosenberg, a Baltic German and contributor to Agd, and Gottfried Feder, an opponent of finance capitalism. These three men moulded the political outlook of the German Worker's Party before Hitler encountered it in 1919, and would become quite influential in Adolf's ideology. Rosenberg contributed largely to Hitler's view of the Jews on an international perspective, suggesting the existence of a Jewish conspiracy to overthrow established nation-states on a worldwide scale. In 1924, Hitler proclaimed that he had departed from Vienna as an absolute anti-Semitic, a deadly enemy of the whole Marxist outlook, and as a Pan-German in his political pers uasion. The Pan-German movement was dedicated to achieving the defence and fortification of the German Volk (people) everywhere in the world. The elimination of the Jews was but one item on Hitler's agenda, however. Hitler wanted to do away with the Versailles Treaty, which he saw as criminal. He also believed that Germany should not ally itself with any other nation, except perhaps Italy and England. Italy, because of its Fascist regime under Mussolini, and England, because it could be considered a Nordic region. While he would go on to ally himself with Italy, his views of these two nations would change drastically later. As for other European nations, Hitler's idea of expansionism laid the groundwork for his relations with them. Lebensraum or living space, which Hitler mentioned in his book Mein Kampf, had been a key concept for German National Socialists. It was an old concept, not inconsistent with beliefs held since the Middle Ages. Hitler believed that an increase in his country's living space would effectively improve the health and well being of his Volk. As Hitler stated in his Secret Book: A healthy foreign poli cy therefore will always keep the winning of the basis of a people's sustenance immovably in sight as its ultimate goal. Hitler was very hostile towards France and saw the French as a hereditary enemy that was always looking for a chance to annex the left bank of the Rhine so as to have a natural frontier with Germany. Hitler was ready to support a war against France at any time and any cost. England was portrayed as one of Germany's absolute enemies, even though Hitler had considered making an alliance at one point. Hitler thought that England had been the Weltmacht

Infatuating Idealism in F. Scott Fitzgerald essays

Infatuating Idealism in F. Scott Fitzgerald essays Idealism Is undoubtably present in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Last Tycoon. Infatuation may be a better word, for that was exactly what possessed the main character, Monroe Stahr. He was totally engorged with one Kathleen Moore. He idealized Miss Moore as the second coming of his deceased wife Minna Davis. Stahr was a true man of men that had little to do with women since the tragic passing of his wife. He would rather put his feet up with a cigar and shoot the breeze with the boys. Yet once he laid eyes on Kathleen for the first time, all of that changed. It was love at first sight. Kathleen and Stahr meet after an earthquake rocked Los Angles. Stahr was surveying the damage done to the studio, when a prop came floating by with two "dames" clinging to it for their lives. A stage hand rescued and presented them to Stahr for judgement. That was the moment that would change everything. The following excerpt is a narration of what was going through Stahr's mind when he was struck blind by Cupid's golden arrow. "Smiling faintly at him from not four feet away was the face of his dead wife, identical even to the expression. Across the four feet of moonlight, the eyes he knew looked back at him, a curl blew a little on a familiar forehead; the smile lingered, changed a little according to pattern; the lips partedthe same." (Chp II, p.26) She was Minna, but she wasn't. All her features were Minna's, except her voice. "and then he heard another voice speak that was not Minna's voice." (Chp II, p.26) She was obviously British and not glamorous American, as Minna's had been. Nevertheless, she was a replica of his life long love. Stahr determined right then that she would be the next. Before he could get himself together, Kathleen was whisked away by the police for trespassing. Stahr spent the next few days trying to track her down. By this time he had fully succumbed to her rapture. On their third m...

Ethical Issues in Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Issues in Media - Research Paper Example So, in case it features some corruption in terms of Ethics, the impact that it has on the social environment will be quite destructive. In addition to that, media platforms are known to form public opinion; therefore, if they convey information that is not correct, a part of the society will develop a wrong perception of reality. This paper will analyze an example that appeared in the media and violated ethics of journalism, proving that this is not acceptable for a reliable source of news and have negative influence on the society in general. Thus, when NBC which is a well known network was covering the shooting of Trayvon Martin, it featured audio recording that portray the alleged killer in a biased way. For example, George Zimmerman is showing saying: This guy looks like he’s up to no good. He looks black.† (â€Å"Trayvon Martin case†). However, this is not exactly what Zimmerman said. He did say that the person who he was watching was up to no good, but the phrase â€Å"he looks black† was a reply to the question: â€Å"OK, and this guy — is he black, white or Hispanic?† (Wemple, 2012). So, in the first situation, people might think that Zimmerman was a racial profiler since he connected ethnicity of the boy and his activity; however, the objective picture shows that he simply answered the question that he was asked (Ross, 2014, 64). Therefore, one would make no mistake pointing out that NBC presented an incorrect depiction of Zimmerman, trying to make him appear a worse perso n than he actually was. The First Amendment should be engaged in the discussion of this situation. According to it, the law prohibits any infringing on the freedom of the press; however, the latter is required to convey objective data. In case it fails to do so, the law should punish it (Anastaplo, 2007, 222). If one takes a look at the ethical issue in question, one will be able to see that it compromises justice to a

Lloyd George Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lloyd George - Essay Example An important era of study has been the era of Lloyd George's peacetime government, from 1919 to 1922 in the realm of foreign policy. Britain's external relation in this period has been quite interesting and people have conflicting views about the policies in this period. This period has also been of significance for historians because of the role of the Foreign Secretary in the making of British foreign policy. Secrecy has been a key characteristic of the foreign policy in the late nineteenth century. Small number of ministers and officials has been known to play crucial roles in the formulation of the foreign policy. Those were the times when press had its limited presence and it was not considered an important driver in the policy making. Also public opinion about different issues related to external relations of a country was not given any importance. Even among the government circles a selected elite group made key decisions. Prime Ministers directly controlled the affairs of the Foreign Office. If we look at the background history of foreign policy in Britain then we get to know that Benjamin Disraeli from 1874 to 1878 intervened constantly in the affairs of his Foreign Secretary. During the 1902 to 1905 period Arthur Balfour gave some respite in the direct intervention culture set by his predecessors but still kept a close eye on the developments in British foreign policy. ... This scenario changed with war in 1914 and foreign policy was criticized by all & sundry. Different governments also started making comments about the way foreign policy was being tackled. President Wilson of the United States became the biggest critic of covert ways of foreign policy dealings and demanded that democratic process should be involved in the affairs. War continued till 1918 and then Paris Peace Conference took place in 1919 the attention shifted to foreign policy in the peace time. Again policymakers became conscious of the relationships between Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary. After the Great War the importance foreign policy increases manifolds. Lord Curzon of Kedleston became foreign secretary from October 1919 to January 1924. British electorate also became more conscious of the foreign policy matters as many believed that poor foreign policies were behind the war. Lloyd George became the prime minister and realized the importance of foreign policy particularly in the eyes of electorates as a result of war. He realized that winning foreign policy can result in the success of a government in the eyes of public. Considering tits importance Lloyd made it a point to attend many international conferences in the period 1919 to 1922. Lloyd saw these conferences as the opportunity for both showing government presence as well as gaining economic benefits as most of these were related to trade, war debts and recompense. Foreign policy also held many dangers for the government of Lloyd George. The government could not have afforded any new wars with any other country as public opinion went heavily against war. It was during this scenario that the Chanak crisis took place in September 1922. This crisis brought the

Writing and Pepperoni Pizza Lovers Essay Example for Free

Writing and Pepperoni Pizza Lovers Essay

Inotropes, Vasopressors and Vasodilators

Inotropes, Vasopressors and Vasodilators Suruchi Hasija, Jatin Narula ,Vandana Maravi. ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS The main control over cardiac contractility is provided by the ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œadrenergic signaling pathways and that over the vascular tone by both ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œadrenergic pathways. The ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² receptors are stimulated by catecholamines circulating in the bloodstream and those released locally from the adrenergic nerve endings. The two main subtypes of ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œadrenergic receptors (ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs) in the cardiovascular system are the ÃŽ ²1 and ÃŽ ²2 subtypes. Myocardial ÃŽ ²1 and ÃŽ ²2-AR stimulation leads to increased contractility, whereas vascular ÃŽ ²2-AR stimulation induces vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Drug binding to myocardial ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs activates stimulatory G protein. This leads to activation of the enzyme adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. A cascade of intracellular reactions finally leads to the physiological effect of increased myocardial contraction or vasodilation. The ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œadrenergic receptors (ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs) are further classified as ÃŽ ±1 and ÃŽ ±2 subtypes. ÃŽ ±1-AR on vascular smooth muscles are the main mediators of vasoconstriction. ÃŽ ±2-AR on the neurons function in a negative feedback loop to control ÃŽ ±-adrenergic vasoconstriction. Stimulation of ÃŽ ±1-AR coupled to G protein activates phospholipase C which in turn raises intracellular Ca+2. Stimulation of ÃŽ ±2-AR coupled to inhibitory G protein inhibits adenylate cyclase, thereby lowering intracellular Ca+2. INOTROPES Inotropy or contractility is the intrinsic property of the cardiac myofibril. It defines the amount of work that the heart can perform at a given load. Contractility is primarily determined by the availability of intracellular calcium. Depolarization of the cardiac myofibril leads to the entry of a small amount of Ca+2 into the cell which triggers the release of additional Ca+2 from intracellular storage sites (sarcoplasmic reticulum). The binding of Ca+2 to troponin, displacement of tropomyosin from the binding site on actin and formation of actin-myosin crossbridges eventually leads to contraction of the myofibril. All inotropic agents act by increasing intracellular calcium. Catecholamines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and calcium sensitizers are the broad classes of available inotropic agents. Catecholamines Catecholamines comprise the major type of available inotropic agents. Their chemical structure includes a catechol ring, catechol hydroxyl groups and variable side chains. Endogenous(present naturally in the body) catecholamines include epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, and synthetic catecholamines include isoprenaline, dobutamine, dopexamine and fenoldopam. Besides acting directly on adrenergic receptors, some catecholamines may act indirectly by releasing or inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine at the nerve terminal or by metabolism to form norepinephrine. Table 1: Site and mechanism of action of sympathomimetics Table 2: Haemodynamic effects of catecholamines and phosphodiesterase inhibitors CO=cardiac output, dp/dt=force of myocardial contraction(change in pressure/time), HR=heart rate, SVR=systemic vascular resistance, PVR=pulmonary vascular resistance, PCWP=pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, MVO2=myocardial oxygen consumption Modified from Lehmann A, Boldt J: New pharmacologic approaches for the perioperative treatment of ischemic cardiogenic shock. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 19:97-108, 2005. Epinephrine Epinephrine, a naturally occurring catecholamine, is secreted from the adrenal medulla. The effects on ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs predominate at lower doses and on ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs at higher doses (> 0.1  µg/kg/min). It increases heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and coronary blood flow (CBF). The rise in blood pressure (BP) results from increase in HR and cardiac output (CO). Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) decreases at low doses (ÃŽ ²2-AR effect) but increases at high doses (ÃŽ ± effect). It is metabolized in the liver by the enzymes catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), and the metabolites are excreted in urine. It has arrhythmogenic potential. In cardiac surgical patients it is used as an infusion at 0.01-0.4  µg/kg/min to wean patients with poor ventricular function off cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). (Tables 1 and 2) Norepinephrine Norepinephrine is the postganglionic neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system. It acts on ÃŽ ±1–AR, ÃŽ ±2–AR and ÃŽ ²1–AR, and has negligible action on ÃŽ ²2–AR. The ÃŽ ²1-AR action predominates at lower doses, thereby increasing inotropy, SV and CBF. It increases BP and SVR; but decreases HR. The CO remains unchanged. It has arrhythmogenic potential. The clinical dose range is 0.01 to 0.1  µg/kg/min. Like epinephrine, it is easily oxidized. It is metabolized by COMT and MAO and taken up by the sympathetic neurons. It decreases renal, hepatic, mesenteric and splanchnic blood flow. Dopamine Dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system. It is the immediate metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. It acts on ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs, ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œARs and dopaminergic receptors (DA1-DA5). At 0.5-3  µg/kg/min it increases renal and mesenteric blood flow (dopaminergic effects), between 3-8  µg/kg/min it increases HR and contractility (ÃŽ ²-AR effects) and, above 8  µg/kg/min it causes vasoconstriction (ÃŽ ±-AR effects). Intravenous dopamine does not cross the blood brain barrier. It is metabolized in the liver by COMT and MAO. Isoprenaline Isoprenaline has pure ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œAR agonist activity. It causes an increase in HR and contractility (ÃŽ ²1-AR effect) and decreases SVR (ÃŽ ²2-AR effect). CO increases due to combined ÃŽ ²1 and ÃŽ ²2-AR effect. It dilates pulmonary, skeletal, renal and mesenteric vascular beds. It is indicated in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, bradycardia (especially after orthotopic heart transplantation), heart block and conduction abnormalities. It is used in the dose 0.01 to 0.1  µg/kg/min. it is metabolized in the liver by COMT. It is arrhythmogenic. Dobutamine Dobutamine is primarily a ÃŽ ²1-AR agonist and has positive inotropic effects. It causes modest increase in HR (ÃŽ ²2-AR effect) and decrease in SVR (ÃŽ ²2-AR effect). The clinical dose range varies from 2-15  µg/kg/min. It is particularly indicated in patients with myocardial pump failure. Its chemical structure lacks the hydroxyl group of catecholamines. It is metabolized in the liver, although not by COMT and MAO. It increases SV, CO and CBF. The arrhythmogenic potential is less than other catecholamines. Dopexamine Dopexamine is a synthetic analog of dopamine. It has potent ÃŽ ²2-AR and dopamine agonist properties and little ÃŽ ²1-AR and ÃŽ ±-AR activity. It causes vasodilation, increase in HR and inotropy. CO and renal blood flow are increased. It is used in the dose 1-10  µg/kg/min. It undergoes methylation and sulfation in the liver and is taken up into the tissues via extraneuronal catecholamine uptake mechanisms. Unlike other catecholamines, it lacks arrhythmogenic potential. Fenoldopam Fenoldopam mesylate is a dopamine DA1 receptor agonist that causes systemic and renal arteriolar vasodilation. It increases renal blood flow at doses of 0.05-0.1  µg/kg/min and reduces BP at 0.1-0.3  µg/kg/min. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Phosphodiesterase inhibitors act by preventing the breakdown of cAMP, thereby prolonging its physiological response. They do not act via ÃŽ ²-AR stimulation. Their addition to a catecholamine has a synergistic effect in increasing inotropy. They also produce vasodilation and are termed ‘inodilators’. They improve myocardial diastolic relaxation (positive lusitropic effect) and augment coronary perfusion. The clinically used phosphodiesterase inhibitors include amrinone, milrinone and enoximone. Amrinone Amrinone is a bipyridine derivative. It provides positive inotropy and decreases SVR. The decrease in SVR is apparent immediately after administration, whereas positive inotropy is appreciable after 10-15 minutes. They are particularly useful in heart failure by increasing forward flow. It is administered as a bolus loading dose (0.5-1.5 mg/kg) followed by infusion (5-20  µg/kg/min). The potential side effects are thrombocytopenia (2-3%), gastrointestinal upset, myalgia, fever, hepatic dysfunction, ventricular arrhythmias and allergy. Milrinone Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and is 20 times more potent. It does not cause fever or thrombocytopenia. It is administered as a bolus loading dose (50  µg/kg over 10 minutes) followed by infusion (0.375-0.75  µg/kg/min). Enoximone Enoximone is an imidazole derivative that has more pronounced vasodilatory effect than inotropic effect. It is administered as a bolus loading dose (0.5-1 mg/kg) followed by infusion (5-10  µg/kg/min). Levosimendan Levosimendan is a new inotropic agent belonging to the class of calcium-sensitizing agents, i.e., it sensitizes the myocardium to the actions of calcium. It has vasodilating and anti-ischemic properties mediated by opening of K+-ATP channels. The haemodynamic effects include increase in SV and CO and reduction in filling pressures, mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) and SVR. It also promotes lusitropy. It is useful in patients with compromised left ventricular function, difficulty in weaning from CPB and right ventricular failure. It is used in a loading dose of 12  µg/kg over 10 minutes followed by an infusion of 0.1  µg/kg/min. Calcium chloride Calcium ions play an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in the cardiac myofibrils. It has positive inotropic effect that is effective after CPB and in the short-term treatment of myocardial pump failure. The rise in BP occurs secondary to increased inotropy and vasoconstriction. However, it can attenuate the ÃŽ ²-AR effects of epinephrine in the postoperative cardiac surgical patients. It is administered in the dose of 2-4 mg/kg every 10 minutes. Calcium Gluconate the clinically available compound of calcium ,contains less than half of ionized calcium and has to be metabolized in the liver before action. VASODILATORS Vasodilators cause relaxation of arterial smooth muscle thereby reducing SVR and MAP. In addition, they also have venodilating property. They aid discontinuation of CPB by decreasing preload, right and left ventricular afterload, improving lusitropy and CBF. They are useful in the perioperative treatment of systemic and pulmonary hypertension, myocardial ischemia and ventricular dysfunction complicated by excessive pressure or volume overload. Sodium nitroprusside Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) acts by acting as a substrate for the formation of nitric oxide (NO) in the vascular endothelium. Binding of NO to its receptor induces a conformational change in the enzyme guanylate cyclase and production of cGMP from GTP. cGMP is the second messenger that eventually leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation via numerous intermediate steps. SNP predominantly causes arterial and arteriolar vasodilation, but at high doses venodilation also occurs. Reflex tachycardia is apparent with its administration. SV and CO are increased only if the preload is maintained with intravenous fluids. SNP has a potential to cause ‘coronary steal’ phenomenon in patients with coronary artery disease as the epicardial coronary arteries also dilate diverting blood away from the stenosed endocardial coronary arteries. It decreases pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and MPAP. It abolishes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and may contribute to hypoxia. The infusion rate is 0.5  µg/kg/min, and titrated to effect. It is reconstituted in a dextrose-containing solution. SNP is sensitive to light, therefore the infusion syringe and tubing are wrapped with opaque material to prevent light induced structural breakdown of the drug. Cyanide toxicity may occur with the use of SNP above 1.5 mg/kg acute dose or 8  µg/kg/min chronic infusion. SNP is used during hypothermic CPB to promote uniform cooling by preventing cold induced vasoconstriction, to reduce the perfusion pressure, to reduce afterload by decreasing SVR and to increase pulmonary blood flow by decreasing PVR. Nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin (NTG) acts by the same mechanism as other nitrates. NTG is primarily a venodilator and reduces ventricular preload and myocardial oxygen consumption. NTG is of particular importance in patients with congestive heart failure as it unloads the left ventricle. It has modest effects on SVR and BP. It reduces PVR. The starting dose of intravenous nitroglycerin is 0.5  µg/kg/min which may be titrated to effect. Attention must be paid to the fluid status as CO may drastically reduce. At higher doses systemic vascular dilation occurs. NTG is helpful in coronary artery disease because it causes epicardial coronary artery dilation. It is metabolized in the liver. Methemoglobinemia occurs at high infusion rates. Intravenous nitroglycerin has a half-life of 1-3 minutes. Tolerance develops when administered for more than 8 hours. Nitric oxide Nitric oxide (NO) is the endothelium derived relaxing factor. Its mechanism of action has been described above. It has a very short half-life of 5 seconds. Inhaled NO promotes pulmonary vascular dilation. It can be used upto 80 parts per million (ppm) in patients with severe right ventricular failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension. As inhaled NO is rapidly taken up by the heme group of guanylate cyclase, it only acts locally in the pulmonary vascular bed causing pulmonary vasodilation. It has no systemic effects. Phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine is a non-competitive ÃŽ ±1 and ÃŽ ±2-AR blocker. It decreases PVR and SVR, thereby increasing CO. It is used to promote vasodilation during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for uniform cooling and for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Phenoxybenzamine is a very potent and long acting vasodilator. It was traditionally used for afterload reduction, pulmonary vasodilatation, and in adrenal tumors such as pheochromocytoma. Phentolamine, a shorter acting agent is now more commonly used. VASOPRESSORS Vasopressors act on arteries and arterioles to increase SVR (ÃŽ ±-AR effect). They have some ÃŽ ² –AR effect also. Catecholamines such as norepinephrine, and epinephrine and dopamine at high concentrations are potent vasoconstrictors. In addition, sympathomimetics such as phenylephrine, methoxamine, ephedrine, metaraminol and mephentermine are also vasoconstrictors. They are metabolized by COMT and MAO. Phenylephrine Phenylephrine is a pure ÃŽ ±1-AR agonist and its primary action is to increase SVR. Reflex bradycardia may be seen. Vasoconstriction of renal, splanchnic and other vascular beds occurs. Coronary perfusion pressure is increased due to increase in diastolic pressure. The intravenous bolus dose is 50-100  µg and infusion rate is 0.5-1.0  µg/kg/min. Its effect is apparent in 1 minute and lasts upto 20 minutes. It is commonly used to increase SVR and therefore the perfusion pressure on CPB. Mephentermine Mephentermine has direct action on ÃŽ ±-AR and ÃŽ ²-AR, and indirect action by releasing norepinephrine at the nerve terminal. It increases CO and SVR. Its acts immediately on intravenous injection and it’s action lasts 30 minutes. It is used in 15-45 mg bolus doses and as 0.1% infusion titrated to effect. Vasopressin Vasopressin,a hormone of the anterior pituitary is a potent vasoconstrictor. It mediates vasoconstriction by inhibiting K+ ATP channels on vascular smooth muscles and blunting the rise in cGMP (due to NO and ANP) and cAMP (due to ÃŽ ²2-AR stimulation). It is one of the modalities of treating vasodilatory shock after CPB. It is used in the infusion dose of 0.01-0.1 U/min for this purpose. At higher doses it has the potential to cause renal and splanchnic vasoconstriction. It is also administered as a bolus dose of 40 U i.v. during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Suggested reading Hoffman TM. Newerinotropesin pediatric heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;58(2):121-5 Rognoni A, Lupi A, Lazzero M, Bongo AS, Rognoni G. Levosimendan: from basic science to clinical trials. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov. 2011 Jan;6(1):9-15. Tavares M, Rezlan E, Vostroknoutova I, Khouadja H, Mebazaa A. New pharmacologic therapies for acute heart failure. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan;36(1 Suppl):S112-20. Petersen JW, Felker GM. Inotropesin the management of acute heart failure. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan;36(1 Suppl):S106-11 Ward RM, Lugo RA Cardiovascular drugs for the newborn.Clin Perinatol. 2005 Dec;32(4):979-97 Hug CC Jr. Making a choice ofinotropesandvasodilatorsin clinical situations.J Card Surg. 1990 Sep;5(3 Suppl):272-7 Stanford GG. Use of inotropicagentsin critical illness. Surg Clin North Am. 1991 Aug; 71(4):683-98.

Assignment of Personal Sport

Last year, after summer vacation, I went into my student soccer team kind of sad, my past captain, the person who I had really admired, had moved to another team. I did not really feel down though, because there were many of my friends that were playing with me this year. The greatest thing I had learned about soccer is â€Å"Team Spirit†, which I thought my team was full of. Day by day, we played together, joked in the yard, hung out after tired matches, I was so happy to have them as teammate. In my city, there were many rival teams, and they were always trying to pull pranks on each other. Sometimes nothing really happened, but sometimes something really terrible happened. I remembered the time our team did not have any uniforms because someone has painted them. Luckily, we could have a new uniform which I thought were better, but we also had to pay a lot of money for them. This season was not just like any season before. We had a new captain and we were also playing competitive soccer, which was a lot different than our normal soccer. Instead of playing with other local teams, we got to play in big tournaments and against strange teams from other cities. The game was also more vivid; I remember the first game, against a team from Hue City-the city next to my city. The game we called â€Å"Derby Game†, it was totally different than anything I had seen, we were getting to play at a university, and against a highly ranked team. We had started the game, and man the other team was wild, they played with violence. After the first half with surprise and anger, we started to strike back, and I was sure the referee would hate to be in his position. Whenever he made a decision, he got a lot of bad word from players; it did not matter if he was right or wrong. That game finished with a loss for us, but the biggest disappointment was that two of my teammates were injured. We soon learned to live with this violence, and the funny thing is, we even participated in it more than other teams. After we gained enough points, we entered to the next stage of the tournament, which was called â€Å"Knock Out Stage†. This meant we could be kicked out of the tournament as soon as we lost a game. The tournament was held in Ho Chi Minh City, the biggest city in my country. We stayed in a hotel with three other teams. At the first sight I looked at them, I realized that the rumors about them were true; teams that qualified to this stage were really beasts, they were stronger, faster and even dirtier (in the way they play). We had about two days to practice and get used to the yard. The yard there was much prettier than in our city. The grass was greener, and there was more space for supporters. In the first day of the tournament, we had a game against Thu Do, a team from Hanoi City- our capital city. That team played really well, they ran all around the yard and I never saw any of them stop running. Our goalie was taking a lot of their shots; he looked really exhausted just after 20 minutes. Then as we saw that they were too strong for us, we changed the tactic to â€Å"counterattack†, which was much safer and did not waste as much energy. I had to be withdrawn from the yard because of the change in tactic. At that time, I felt so disappointed but I could contain it. The change in tactic seemed to be good and gave us a positive effect. Thu Do still attacked very hard, they flowed into our yard part like a huge flood, but it was less dangerous than before. Our defense did a very good job; they kept the enemies far away from the goalie as much as they could, they also tried to block every shot from the enemies. I was sitting on the sideline for a bit and my coach asked me how I felt, I said good and asked if I could get back in, he said, â€Å"Sure, but in a bit. † So I started do some exercises to keep my body warm and be ready. A bit later, the referee blew the whistle and the first half came to an end. The result was still 0-0 and we could not expect more. Our team went into the rest room and discussed a lot. My coach told me that I would have a part in second half; nervous thought crossed my mind for a second but was soon gone. At the beginning of the second half, things were not much different from the first one; Thu Do still tried hard to attack and score a goal, but our defense line was really concentrated on to the game. Whenever Thu Do’s player got the ball, there were always two or maybe three of our players standing around him and were able to win the ball back. They kept attacking hard and we kept defending well. After 20 minutes, Thu Do players were starting to get tired, I could see how heavy and exhausted in their running, and you know, that was the time we had been waiting for. The coach told me to pop in. We started to attack them back, and can anyone believe it? We scored at our very first chance; I was the one who crossed the final ball to Vu – our player, and with a genius header, the Thu Do’s net vibrated with our happiness and cheers from our supporters. We had been waiting for this time and it had come. I remembered a saying from a well-known coach that goes: â€Å"If you keep attacking but could not score, then you will be scored. It was true this time. I could not tell you how Thu Do player’s faces looked at that time. It was some kind of disappointed, angry or maybe even shameful. After having a goal, we got back to defense style. The time left was still plenty, Thu Do’ player attacked in hopelessness, and for their honor. But that was it, the referee blew full time whistle and we won that game, a very tough game. We also paid a very expensive price because of that winning moment; our players were exhausted and did not have good form on the next game. We lost on our second game. Although that was not something that really surprised us, we were still. I thought the main reason for our loss was that we were not really ready for this kind of tournament. We were determined to get back to our city and train harder and hope for a successful next year. That was also a lesson for me and my team, so that in next tournaments, we could have a better preparation in health and mental, and could avoid unnecessary injures. Until now, that soccer experience is something that I never forget in my life; that was not only my first soccer tournament, but also the most impressive tournament I have ever had.

Literature Review on Employability of Women Essay

Employability of Women†¦ Introduction†¦ Employability in relation to gender, age and race has changed significantly over the years as factors of our society change the way we live and work. As social norms change, so does the spectre of employability. History proves that the employability of women in relation to men has progressively shifted in recent years, as women become increasingly attractive to employers. In the past, it was thought that it was harder for women to gain a job than it was for men, however is this the case in our modern day society? In the past, women have been penalised with lower pay and less hours than men but recent history has stopped these things from occurring with new laws and regulations for employers to follow, such as the Equal Pay Act 1970, which will be looked at in more detail in the review. This literature review will attempt to analyse the differences in the past, and those which are still apparent today between the employability of men and women. Is it harder for a woman to get a job than a man? Firstly, it will cover the history of employability of women. Then the review will try to discover when things started to change and women started to become more employable. Following this it will discuss the employability of women in today’s society. Lastly, will be a conclusion, in which the findings will be reviewed. History of employability of women†¦ Prior to the Second World War, there was a certain stereotype that women were’ housewives’: social roles were clearly defined. A woman’s place was at home, while a man should be at work. It was acceptable for a woman to work outside of the home, providing she did not have a family to look after, but she would have been paid less than a man, even when doing the same job. The Second World War changed everything. As the men left to go to war, the women had to run the home alone, but they also had to get used to going to work. However, ‘It was understood throughout the war that what Britain’s women were doing was really ‘a man’s job’. So many of them were dismissed from their work once peace was declared†¦ In industries that were not heavily unionised, however, some women were kept on – not least because they were cheaper to employ than men.’ (Harris, 2011). Despite all of the work the women did during the war, they were still not truly appreciated and in fact the ‘housewife’ stereotype was still around in the 1970’s, probably due to the men regaining the majority of the work once returning from the war. This is backed up by the Women and Employment Survey in 1980, ‘The collection of employment histories in the Women and Employment Survey (WES) in 1980 started to break down the stereotypes still around in the 1970’s about women’s careers. The tendency had been to think that a woman’s main role was as a mother , working at domestic tasks.’ (Scott, Dex and Joshi, 2008). Even though the stereotype had continued into the 1970’s, it was clear that it was slowly fading, the effort put in by the women during the war was starting to be appreciated, and as a result women were starting to become more employable, as shown by the fact that ‘women constituted 29 per cent of the labour force in Britain in 1911, and 29 per cent in 1951, but this had risen to 34 per cent by 1966 and had reached 43 per cent by 1991’ (Crompton, 1997). In the early 1990’s the rapid increase in the employment of women started to level out. This was largely due to the recession between 1990 and 1992, as the younger, less stable women chose to go back to school rather than seek employment in the recessionary job market. After 1992 though there was a strong economic recovery, which in turn, led to the rise of women in employment, to what it is today. When did it all start to change? The gender composition of the labour force has changed considerably in the twentieth century. Before the Second World War over 90 per cent of all men of working age or more were in employment, and that was mostly unchanged until after the War, but since then the percentage of men in employment steadily declined to only 73 per cent in 1991. On the other hand, ‘Women’s employment has moved in the other direction. Up until the Second World War (1951) only about a third of all women of working age or more were economically active. Since 1951, however, women’s employment has been growing steadily, and by 1991 half of all women of working age or more were economically active.’ (Crompton, 1997). There are a few major reasons for this shift in employability, the first being the Second World War, which went some way towards changing the stereotypes about a woman’s role and making them more employable, as they showed that they were capable of doing the same jobs as a man just as well as they could, if not better in some cases. This has been explained in more detail previously. However, the main reason for the enormous rise in employability of women has to be the introduction of the Equal Pay Act in 1970. The Equal Pay Act 1970 has had a dramatic effect on the way female employees are viewed and the amount of money they are paid, in relation to men over the last forty years ‘Before 1970, it was common practice in the private sector and some parts of the public sector for there to be separate, and lower, women’s rates of pay†¦ The Equal Pay Act introduced an ‘implied equality clause’ into all employees’ contracts. This had the effect of eliminating separate lower women’s rates of pay†¦ women’s average earnings compared to men’s rose by 5%, from 72% to 77%, over a 5 year period in the 1970s – the biggest ever increase in this ratio.’ (Hastings). This was not the only change the Equal Pay Act 1970 caused. The Act also led to the use of job evaluation being used for more frequently, this is where you compare different jobs in order to put them into a rank order based on the difficulty of the work, this would then be the basis for the employees grading and pay, and not the fact that they were a male or female. There were other effects of the Act as well, such as that of the effect on collective bargaining. Over the years there have been many changes in technology and the way businesses are run which has led to the old collective bargaining arrangements becoming out-dated, but it is not only because of the changes in technology, equal pay legislation has also had an impact. Due to these factors, collective bargaining arrangements in many organisations have been harmonised. Employability of women in today’s society†¦ Since the Equal Pay Act was passed, the gap between the average hourly pay of men and that of women has drastically decreased. However, ‘It is 40 years since the Equal Pay Act and yet women working full-time in the UK are still paid on average 15.5% less per hour than men†¦ That is one of the biggest gaps in the European Union and Britain appears to be becoming a tougher place still for women to work. The recession has seen many part-time jobs go; the majority of such jobs are held by women. Over the last 12 months, 4.5% of the female workforce experienced redundancy compared with just 3% of men.’ (Allen, 2011), illustrating that despite the vast increase in the employability of women, a difference still exists today, albeit a considerably smaller one. In today’s society, it has been shown that girls remain in education for longer than boys, and also achieve higher grades. This could help to further explain why women are far more employable now than they have been in the past, and this trend only looks to continue in the future. Yet, the reason for the rise in employability of women today is it not only due to the laws that have been imposed; it is also due to the change in status of women in today’s society. As, women have become more powerful, it is clear that businesses should employ more women and treat them equally to their male workers, if not only to protect themselves from law suits, then to enhance the reputation and customer base of their business and reap the reap the rewards financially. ‘Research in Europe and the United States suggests†¦ that companies with several senior-level women tend to perform better financially.’ (Georges, Sandrine, Mary C., 2008). Conclusion†¦ By looking through the history and changes of female employability and at what it is like today, you can clearly see how society has gradually changed their views from the sexist view that was adopted by men, and some women, before the Second World War, to the very much equal society we have today. However, is it really equal in today’s society? The research shows, that despite the colossal rise in the employability of women and slight decline in the employability of men, there are still some differences, for example the fact that ‘†¦women working full-time in the UK are still paid on average 15.5% less per hour than men†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Allen, 2011), this is not acceptable, but unfortunately there may always be a difference, even if it is a very slight one. References†¦ Allen, K. (2011) ‘Women look away now: you are working for free’ The Guardian, 4th November 2011 [Online] [Accessed 14 November 2011] Crompton, R. (1997) Women and Work in Modern Britain. 2nd Impression Edition, Oxford: OUP Oxford Desvaux, G., Devillard-Hoellinger, S., Meaney, M. (2008) A business case for women. Mckinsey Quarterly. Issue 4, p26-33 Harris, C. (2011) ‘Women Under Fire in World War Two’ BBC, 17th February 2011 [Online] [Accessed 14 November 2011] Hastings, S. ‘The Equal Pay Act: It’s Impact on Collective Bargaining, Grading and Pay’ [Online] [Accessed 14 November 2011] Scott, J., Dex, S., Joshi, H. (2009) ‘Women and Employment: Changing Lives and New Challenges’. Edward Edgar Publishing Ltd Reflective Report†¦ How I found Literature Review. My first thoughts when being set this assignment were ones of panic and anxiety. I was a little apprehensive of how to approach it as I was unsure about what it consisted of, and how to go about writing it. This concern was increased as it was the first assignment I have been set since joining the university so I was not sure whether it would be up to the standards of the university. As I started to get into the review, it started to become easier, although, I did still have trouble with the referencing, and was uncertain of the best way to layout the review. I found turnitin very easy to use, and I liked the idea of being able to check my work was acceptable before finally submitting it. On the whole though I feel that this assignment, although challenging, was extremely worthwhile and will stand me in good stead for the future, especially using turnitin as I will now easily be able to hand in my future assignments. Meeting my mentor. My mentor rung me and we arranged to meet at the canteen in Mithras House. My first impressions of James were that he seemed a very nice approachable guy, which, indeed he was. We started talking and he asked me how I was finding University life, both the social side of it and the work load. I responded by telling him that I was very much enjoying the social side of university as I have enjoyed meeting all new people and making new friends. I then proceeded to add that I was finding some of the workload quite hard as it is a big step up from A-levels, but also that I found it all extremely interesting, especially the Marketing, Law and Economic elements of the course, which has made it easier to read up on it as I am interesting in it. Subsequently, we then mutually decided on some goals that I could set myself, they were as follows; Firstly, we set the target that I must achieve a high 2.1 or a 1st at the end of the course. Secondly, was the target that I must find a job. The last target was that I must meet all of my deadlines and attend all of my lectures and seminars, unless there were extenuating circumstances. James then gave me his e-mail address and told me to contact him if I needed any help with anything in the future. Lastly, we arranged another date to meet and then we both parted ways. Personal SWOT†¦ What are my strengths? What do I already have that I might be able to build on?I feel that one of my strengths is my existing knowledge of businesses and how they operate. I gained this knowledge through research I conducted in A-Level. Good Presentation is another thing I view as a strength of mine.| What are my weaknesses / areas for development?I believe my main weakness is the speed at which I work. This directly contrasts with one of my strengths (Good presentation) as I try to make everything look neat and therefore spend longer than I should on the work.| What opportunities do you see to develop yourself?I have a vast amount of opportunities available to me at Brighton University. These opportunities include; Teachers to give me advice when I get stuck on something, Libraries so I can easily find the books/journals I might need to help me write my essays, Other students who I can ask for their input on my work and how I could improve it (Peer Review)| What threats do you see to your personal development, or barriers that may need to be overcome?

Heart of Darkness Essay

Heart of Darkness Essay Heart of Darkness Essay Guilt, disappointment and the fear behind Kurtz’s death Jordan Davis Mr. Allin ENG 4U March 3rd, 2012 Verbal statements may have multiple interpretations depending on one's perspective. In the novel, Heart of Darkness, Conrad makes the reader use his/her own knowledge to generate themes and emotions. Consistently, the theme of the horrific reality is mentioned throughout the novel. Joseph’s character, Kurtz, cries out, â€Å"The horror! The horror† (Conrad 86) during his last moments; however, there is no obvious meaning and leaves the reader to realize the ambiguity of the words. The horror that Kurtz is referring to is the guilt he and Marlow feel, the disappointment of dying, and the fear of the darkness. Guilt is often the result of strong emotional feelings that involve negativity. When one makes a decision with negative consequences, one often experiences the emotion known as guilt. Joseph Conrad’s idea in this novel is to show the feeling of guilt through his characters' experiences working in the Congo. The character, Kurtz, is very good at what he brings to the Company; however, near his time of death he reflects on the inequality that is displayed towards the natives of the Congo. Marlow is careless when he receives his job in the Congo, due to the difference between the two lifestyles he has experienced at home and away from home, â€Å"While I stood horror-struck, one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees, and went off on all-fours towards the river to drink† (Conrad 20). This quote explains that Marlow witnesses a different type of behaviour by being in a diverse society and, naturally, he feels guilty about all of the aspects developed countries take advantage of with regard to undeveloped countries. Both Marlow and Kurtz know that what they are doing is unfair to the natives and the land, but they also know that it is their duty to obey the rules of the Company. Authority is a key component of the emotions that the ‘civilized’ and the natives are meant to experience, â€Å"It was an affirmation, a moral victory paid for by innumerable defeats, by abominable terrors, by abominable satisfactions. But it was a victory† (Conrad 88). The quote refers to some positive aspects of the Congo as well as some negative points, especially Marlow mentioning the terrors, which then turn to guilt throughout the journey. People at times are left with a feeling of guilt due to previous defeat in their lifetime, possibly leaving them displeased. Most people have goals in life that they want to accomplish before they die. In the novel, Kurtz is a respected man because of all he has been bringing to the Company. Although in his last moments of life, he looks back on his life that triggers him to evoke and grasp his true destiny. Before Marlow meets Kurtz, the manager says, â€Å"He will be somebody in the Administration before long. They, above – the Council of Europe, you know – mean him to be† (Conrad 23). The Company has great plans for Kurtz because he is the best at what he does and that is his ability to send in ivory. In the early 1800s, the largest resources in the Congo were ivory and rubber (Spooner 13). Marlow feels Kurtz’s pain as he cries out because everything that Kurtz ever accomplished is about to come crashing down and cut his life expectancy short, â€Å"All that had been Kurtz’s had been passed out of my hands; his soul, his body, his plans, his ivory, his career† (Conrad 91). This quote indicates that through Marlow’s eyes, there is a disappointing end to Kurtz’s life because of the expectations the Company and England wanted from him. The horror is shown in Kurtz’s death since his accomplishments were not at his best yet, and as he is dying with the feeling of guilt, Conrad creates the horror of his death. It is expressed to the reader that the remarkable man has reached his limits but is not happy with the end result of his death. By spending time in a new environment, a person’s ability

Pearl Harbor essays

Pearl Harbor essays On Dec. 7th, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. To retaliate to this act of war, the U.S. dropped A-bombs on Japan. The attack on Pearl harbor was a greater wrong than the A- bombing on Japan. The sneak attack by the Japanese violated core democratic values such as Public/Common Good and The Rule of Law. On the other side, The A-bombing on Japan by the U.S is supported by Core Democratic values such as Justice and Pursuit of Happiness. In the past, it has been clearly visible that when a nation has tried to attack a country for no logical reason, it has faced many problems. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a greater wrong and should not have been conducted. There are many core democratic values that are against the attack on Pearl Harbor. One of them is Common Good. The attack caused many problems. In the 110 minutes of the attack on Pearl Harbor, 2,403 soldiers were killed, 1,178 soldiers were wounded in action and 640 soldiers were never found. Furthermore, 188 planes were lost, 158 were damaged, and every battleship of the Pacific Fleet was either crippled or sunk. The American people faced an emotional situation. Another Core Democratic value against the attack is The Rule of Law. The Japanese Imperial had not declared war against the U.S. They just attacked without any warning. The attack on Pearl Harbor violates both these Core Democratic Values. The A-bombing on Hiroshima by the U.S. is supported by a few Core Democratic Values. One of them is Justice. The U.S. bombed Japan in order to retaliate. There was a justified reason. It is no surprise that the U.S. A- bombed the Japanese as they were attacked without any war declaration. Another Core Democratic Value that supports the retaliation of the U.S. is The Pursuit of Happiness. After the attack, the damage that was done filled many Americans with rage and anger. The only thing that was going to calm them down was attacking the Japanese. ...